Solved: Compare and contrast three types of reliability with four types of validity.

Reliability: – It is the phenomenon of assessment that leads to consistent and stable results. Basically, reliability is of four types:-

1. Inter-rater: – When the assessment takes place for same test from different people. It is also called inter-observer reliability. For example a class test for a particular subject leads to a consistent result on the basis of different observations from student’s side.

2. Test-retest: – Assessment for same people at different time. For examples if we take an assessment from a student for a particular psychological topic and after one month we will repeat the same test then we get the different score then we will call it test-retest reliability because it will depend on the mood, time and many other factors which leads two different scores at different time from same student.

3. Parallel-forms: – This type of reliability assessment is being done for different people at same time for different test.

4. Internal Consistency: – When we came across the consistent questions from the same idea then we will call it as internal consistency reliability. For an assessment to be reliable it needs to be valid first then only we can produce consistent results.

Validity is also important if we are doing reliability assessment for a test. Different types of validity are:-

1. Face Validity: – When something appears to be valid then face validity comes into the picture. Face validity depends on the judgment of the observer.

2. Construct Validity: – When theoretical concepts represent the cause and effects of the real time situations related to the project. The theoretical concepts means the different steps by which we can measure the flow of the project

3. Formative Validity: – on the basis of the outcome assessment we can measure how we can provide the relevant information about the project/test which helps in the further improvement.

4. Criterion-related Validity: – It helps to measure those variables as criterion which are set for a project/test.

5. Content/Sampling Validity: – As we need some sample ideas as well related to the concept for example if a teacher is giving a lecture on the acting topic then he/she should have the knowledge about the theater and lightening etc so that if there would be any related query then he/she can answer.