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REVIEW OF THE ERGONOMIC EFFECTS OF QUARRYING IN KIMUTWA, MACHACKOS COUNTY IN KENYA
BY MWONGELA. D. MULEI
ENB331-1678/2018
MASTER OF SCIENCE
(Occupational Safety and Health)
A PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THE JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
YEAR (2018)
DECLARATION
This research proposal is my original work and has not been submitted for the award of a degree in any other University.
.
Signature Date
Name (Mwongela Daniel Mulei)
Supervisors
This research proposal has been submitted for examination with our approval as University Supervisors
. ..
Signature Date
1. Prof./Dr./Mr./Eng. KQR
Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IEET), JKUAT
. ..
Signature Date
2. Prof./Dr./Mr./Eng. BCF
Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (MoEP)
. ..
Signature Date
3. Prof./Dr./Mr./Eng. XYE Chemistry Department, UoN
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLEOFCONTENTS v
LISTOFFIGURES ix
LISTOFPLATES x
ABBREVIATIONSANDACRONYMS xi
ABSTRACT xii
CHAPTERONE 1
INTRODUCTION. 1
1.1 Background tothe study 1
1.2 Problemstatement 4
1.3 Researchquestions 5
1.4 Studyobjectives 5
1.5 Researchhypothesis 5
1.6 Justification and significance ofthe study 6
1.7 Scopeandlimitations 7
1.8 Operational definitionsand concepts 8
1.9 Outline of chapters 9
CHAPTERTWO 10
LITERATUREREVIEW 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Implications of stone excavation onthe environment 10
2.2.1 Noise pollution 12
2.2.2 Dust 14
2.3 Implications of stone excavationonhealth 15
2.4 Possiblemitigationmeasures 16
2.4.1 Directorate bodies 16
2.4.2 Acousticscreening 17
2.4.3 Dust barriers 17
2.4.4 Restoration 18
2.5 Theoretical framework 19
2.6 Conceptualframework 19
2.7 Gaps identified inliteraturereview 21
CHAPTERTHREE 23
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 Studyarea 23
3.3 Researchdesign 25
3.4 Targetpopulation 25
3.5 Sample size 26
3.6 Samplingprocedure. 27
3.7 Validity of theresearchinstruments 27
3.8 Reliability ofresearch instruments 28
3.9 Datagatheringprocesses 28
3.10 Data analysis techniques 28
3.11 Ethical considerations 29
4 REFERENCES 28
5 Appendix I: Questionnaire to Kimutwa inhabitant 32
6 Appendix II: Questionnaire for quarry workers 38
7 Appendix III: Key informants Interview guide 40
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Dustbarrier model 18
Figure 2.2:Conceptualframework 21
Figure 3.1:Kimutwa map. 24
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
CS Crystalline Silica
GOK Government of Kenya
KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
KWS Kenya Wildlife Service
NECC National Environmental Complains Committee
NEMA National Environmental Management Authority
NIHL Noise induced hearing loss
RSC Respirable Crystalline Silica
ABSTRACT
Quarry areas, vacated without possible scheduled rehabilitation procedures later have presented environmental issues worldwide, not only is quarrying among the riskiest industries to work in which is as a result of a lot of reported health effects. In Kenya, stone exploration during the past few years continues to be on the rise because of a boost in their demand by both equally commercial and real estate property developers. And therefore, this kind of study geared towards evaluating a few complications coming natural stone mining in Kimutwa, one of many sub counties of Machakos county. The precise goals that guided this scholarly study will be; to measure ecological upshots of natural stone mining in Kimutwa, to scrutinize quarrying ramifications upon wellness of laborers and on Kimutwa, inhabitants, to identify mitigation techniques that minimize natural stone mining impacts within the surroundings and finally make suggestions that address unwanted natural stone excavation results on surroundings. For this analysis, both quantitative and qualitative merged ways of research style will be followed targeting people whose composition included quarry laborers and folks living within Kimutwa, from the targeted inhabitants a sample size will end up being drawn utilizing a cluster and basic random sampling methods. The sampling procedure entails dividing the respondents into quarry employees and residents after that randomly sampled from both categories. The sampling process involves dividing the respondents into quarry residents and workers then randomly sample from both categories.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to thestudy
Ukpong (2012) defines rock excavation as an activity of abstracting components which are neither fuel, gas, energy, gasoline nor minerals nature from the rocks. An increase in demand for natural stones related products such as for example gravel and building stones provides rise to the necessity of quarrying. Many natural stone mining companies make use of open cast technique that involves drilling and usage of explosives to extract rock components from the earth’s crust.
Relating to Nwibo et al., (2012), quarrying actions possess adverse implications on employees, social and cultural heritage, environment and communities in close proximities. Whereas Ming ate and Mohamed (2016) also explain explosives utilized in quarries as possibly harmful to bothhumans and the surroundings, Monjezi, et al. (2013) reviews that merely 20% to 30% of the energy is essential to fragment the rocks and the rest of the energy gets wasted in mode of vibrations and fly rocks.
Stone mining procedures regardless of their magnitudes fundamentally have much fetching environmental repercussions because of huge amounts of wastes produced through the processes particularly if nonstandard procedures of quarrying are utilized and being no rehabilitation steps are placed.
Relating to Nartey et al. (2012) and Adeola et al (2009), four million deaths are reported yearly from severe respiratory complications in developing countries due to intensified environmental pollution emanating from quarrying, sand blasting and emission of harmful chemical substances. Nartey et al. (2012) extremely relates respiratory dreariness with the sector since a10?m powder could beinhaled in to the lungs. Rock and mineral particles of several sorts have well been leading to cause cancer when breathed in (Derbyshire et al, 2013).
Likewise, in Ghana, the emerging desertification in the northern region was carefully linked to the lack of indigenous tree species destroyed through extensive extraction of gravel and sand materials demanded simply by the construction sector (Musah&Barkarson, 2009).
Missanjo et al. (2015) found a perpetual bond between vegetations and their physical, biochemical conditions in a report of Chongoni Forest Reserve in Malawi where dust emissions affected plant life chlorophyll matter. Missanjo et al. (2015) demonstrated this by learning chlorophyll of different plant species located close and distant from a quarry area. Plants near natural stone mining areas demonstrated large interference of photosynthetic activities due to high concentration of dust although this decreased with range and differed with plant species. Interruption of photosynthesis activities was related to reduced plant life and clogging of stomata hence affecting unrestricted exchange of atmospheric gases. Kenya too has an equivalent share of complications credited to natural stone mining sector especially following the latest rise in real estate industry and motorway expansions (Anunda, 2014).There are about thirty thousand stone mining locations in Kenya (KNBS, 2009) but those near Nairobi have better contact of markets signifying that greatest environmental impacts are also experienced in these regions simply because as alluded in statement by the Kenya s Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources where it really is indicated that approximately 90% of the quarries in Kenya do not have rehabilitation plans, exposing laxity of the enforcement authorities such as for example National Environment Management Authority(GoK, 2010).
Just as much as the market has its share of difficulties some highlighted in this research, its also true that natural stone mining is a profitable business that helps thousands of households. Relating to (Shadmon& Sam, 1999), it is projected the sector employs about forty thousand people and that quarter of the peopleare within Nairobis environs. Environmentalists on the other hand have been worried on the detrimental quarrying implications specifically sites remaining without having to be rehabilitated pointing that abandoned pits deface landscapes and make soil structures fragile.
Kimutwa and Lukenya are known to be the most prominent locations known for natural stone mining around Machakos Being an area of interest so far as natural stone excavation is involved; this research undertakes an assessment on the consequences of natural stone excavation on the ecosystem, quarry employees and the locals in the locality.
1.2 Problemstatement
Abundance and quick access of construction stones marks Kimutwa a perfect source to numerous property developers, the rapidly developing regions of Machakos town, Machakos County and Wote, Makueni County which house both county governments headquarters. The ramifications of the elevated quarrying actions in Kimutwa to meet up such rising needs have observed adjustments in landforms, elevated pollution of dust and noise.
1.3 Researchquestions
The wide research viewed exploring the next research questions.
1. What are the ecosystem effects of quarrying in Kimutwa?
2. What had been the health problems pervasive among quarry employees and people in Kimutwa?
3. What vindication steps have been undertaken help ease quarrying on the surroundings?
4. What control processes were to tried affluence quarrying effects?
1.4 Studyobjectives
This study s principal objective was to assess resultant ramifications of natural stone mining in Kimutwa in Machakos, Kenya.
Specific objectives
1. To determine implications of natural stone excavation on plant life and landscapes of Kimutwa.
2. To examine medical problems prevalent among quarry employees and Kimutwa Inhabitants.
To inspect medical issues pervasive among quarry individuals and labourers in Kimutwa.
3. To identify steps engaged to temperate ecological aftermaths instigated to natural stone excavation.
1.5 Researchhypothesis
H0: There are no significant repercussions of natural stone mining on flora and landscapes of Kimutwa.
H1: There are significant repercussions of natural stone mining on flora and landscapes of Kimutwa.
H0: Quarry blasts aren’t the origin of infrastructure cracks in Kimutwa.
H1: Quarry blasts {are the origin of infrastructure cracks in Kimutwa.
H0: There is no vast connection between natural stone mining and prevalence of ailments among quarry laborers and people in Kimutwa.
H1: There is a vast connection between natural stone mining and prevalence of ailments among quarry labourers and people in Kimutwa.
1.1 Justification and significance of thestudy
Although EMCA 1999 Article 14, Section (2) protects Kenyan people against sound pollution, laxity in execution of the directive have occasioned licensing of factories and industries near designated residential areas. Additionally, the results the document contributes additional information to the prevailing body of academia in the confines of the researched topic and objectives specifically in the studied location of Kimutwa. The results can correspondingly end up being of worth to policy creators and the government environmental parastatal like NEMA whose directive carries a clean and livable environment of its people. This document too can be implemented by environmentally friendly
