Question & Answer: What is the role of NIC and MAC address in organizing the LAN communications? Suppose you want to implement an in…..

Nic

A network card functions as a middleman between your computer and the data network. For example, when you log in to a website, the PC passes the site information to the network card, which converts the address into electrical impulses. Network cables carry these impulses to a Web server somewhere on the Internet, which responds by sending a Web page back to you, once again in the form of electronic signals. The card receives these signals and turns them into data that your PC displays.

Drivers

In addition to the network card’s hardware, it needs programming to make it work. When you install the card, Microsoft Windows loads software drivers for your card’s make and model. Your browser, email and other programs communicate through Windows to reach the network; Windows, in turn, passes data to the drivers that are programmed specifically for your network interface card. The card cannot function without the right driver software.

Types

Most contemporary network cards work with Wi-Fi wireless networks; these cards have an antenna to send data signals via radio waves. Some networks still use wired Ethernet connections; these cables have a rectangular plug which mates with a jack on the network card’s bracket. In many new computers, network adapter cards are actually custom computer chips built into the PC’s motherboard. Because of the nearly universal use of the Internet, almost all computers include a network capability. Having the chips on the motherboard frees up a card slot for other devices you may want to add later. Computer retailers sell network accessory cards if you want to install one in a PC. For desktop computers, these are standard PCI cards; notebook computers use smaller PC accessory cards that slide into a slot on the computer’s side.

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Mac

Whether you work in a wired network office or a wireless one, one thing is common for both environments: It takes both network software and hardware (cables, routers, etc.) to transfer data from your computer to another—or from a computer thousands of miles away to yours.

And in the end, to get the data you want right to YOU, it comes down to addresses.

So not surprisingly, along with an IP address (which is networks software), there’s also a hardware address. Typically it is tied to a key connection device in your computer called the network interface card, or NIC. The NIC is essentially a computer circuit card that makes it possible for your computer to connect to a network.

An NIC turns data into an electrical signal that can be transmitted over the network.

Hey Nick. Meet Mac.

Every NIC has a hardware address that’s known as a MAC, for Media Access Control. Where IP addresses are associated with TCP/IP (networking software), MAC addresses are linked to the hardware of network adapters.

A MAC address is given to a network adapter when it is manufactured. It is hardwired or hard-coded onto your computer’s network interface card (NIC) and is unique to it. Something called the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) translates an IP address into a MAC address. The ARP is like a passport that takes data from an IP address through an actual piece of computer hardware.

Once again, that’s hardware and software working together, IP addresses and MAC addresses working together.

For this reason, the MAC address is sometimes referred to as a networking hardware address, the burned-in address (BIA), or the physical address. Here’s an example of a MAC address for an Ethernet NIC: 00:0a:95:9d:68:16.

As you’ve probably noticed, the MAC address itself doesn’t look anything like an IP address (see yours here). The MAC address is a string of usually six sets of two-digits or characters, separated by colons.

Some well-known manufacturers of network adapters or NICs are Dell, Belkin, Nortel and Cisco. These manufacturers all place a special number sequence (called the Organizationally Unique Identifier or OUI) in the MAC address that identifies them as the manufacturer. The OUI is typically right at the front of the address.

For example, consider a network adapter with the MAC address “00-14-22-01-23-45.” The OUI for the manufacture of this router is the first three octets—”00-14-22.” Here are the OUI for other some well-known manufacturers.

Dell: 00-14-22
Nortel: 00-04-DC
Cisco: 00-40-96
Belkin: 00-30-BD

It’s common for the larger manufacturers of networking equipment to have more than one set of OUIs.

Networks and MAC addresses.

All devices on the same network subnet have different MAC addresses. MAC addresses are very useful in diagnosing network issues, such as problems with IP addresses.

MAC addresses are useful for network diagnosis because they never change, as opposed to a dynamic IP address, which can change from time to time. For a network administrator, that makes a MAC address a more reliable way to identify senders and receivers of data on the network.

Wireless Routers and MAC Filtering

On wireless networks, a process called MAC filtering is a security measure to prevent unwanted network access by hackers and intruders. In MAC address filtering, the router is configured to accept traffic only from specific MAC addresses. This way, computers whose MAC addresses are approved will be able to communicate through the network—even if they were given a new IP address by DHCP.

Meanwhile, a hacker who’s hijacked a network IP address will be blocked because their MAC address will not be on the approved list and will be filtered out.