Complete this week’s assigned readings from Practical Skeptic – Core Concepts, and view all of the multimedia and other materials for this week. Answer the following questions related to the assigned readings from Practical Skeptic – Reader (about one paragraph per reading): Reading 4 – Children’s Humor Types and Psychosocial Adjustment Previous research has shown that adults have humor types; whether that is true of younger ages had not been explored as much. This study explores humor types among adolescents at half a dozen secondary schools in England. What humor types did the researchers observe among these adolescents? Was humor type related to psychosocial adjustment as the researchers predicted; if so, how? How does knowing that people exhibit multiple types of humor complicate understanding the relationship between humor type and psychosocial adjustment? Reading 5 – Innumeracy about Minority Populations: Blacks and Whites Compared What is meant by “racial innumeracy?” How does the extent of racial innumeracy compare between blacks and whites? What are potential causes of such innumeracy according to the authors of this paper? Reading 6 – Internet research ethics and the policy gap for ethical practice in online research settings This article is about the gaps in ethical regulations governing online human subjects research in light of the typical ethical guidelines such as privacy, anonymity, and informed consent. Describe the ethical gaps that are identified in this paper and discuss the efforts of stakeholders to bridge these gaps in new ethical policy. Reading 7 – If Hitler Asked you to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably Milgram has been criticized for being unethical in his research. Why? How did he respond to these criticisms? Are you persuaded by his critics or by Milgram? Why? Cite your sources according to APA citation guidelines.

 

Psychology and Sociology

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Children’s Humor and Psychosocial Adjustment

The types of humor that are identified and described among the adolescent are four. These include Interpersonal Humorists, Self-Defeaters, Adaptive Humorists, and Self-Defeaters. Self-enhancing humor is the capability to uphold a hilarious standpoint in the appearance of stress and difficulty. It is narrowly affiliated to surviving humor. Aggressive humor improves the identity and doing things at the expense of others (Claire, Hunter, & Jones, 1989). Self-defeating humor, mainly unused by preceding funniness scales, is used to augments one’s associations with others, but at the expense of the self. For example, pleasing people using funny items on oneself personal weakness.

The capability to differentiate amid unlike mechanisms of humor has brought with it a clearer picture of the relationships between mood and adjustment. This is demonstrated by the stout associations amongst humor and psycho-social adjustment which are testified while applying the adult Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) as compared to preceding studies where the dimensional measures are implemented. Amongst grownups, associate and self-enhancing humor are destructively connected to apprehension, unhappiness, as well as the suicidal ideation. On the contrary, it is positively linked with confidence and lifetime gratification. In disparity, self-defeating humor is allied with high anxiety, unhappiness, and suicidal ideation, and low self-esteem and inferior life gratification (Claire, Hunter, & Jones, 1989). Aggressive and self-defeating are connected to the hostility and aggression. Additionally, offensive humor has no connection with psychological adjustment. However, it is negatively correlated to social adjustment measures. The clarity on whether the generalization can be made to the adolescent population is still undefined.

The current studies indicate the combination of the humor styles that are associated with particular personalities. More recently researchers have begun to consider the mix of humor styles characteristic of any given person. Therefore, novel relations might arise and advance understanding of the quad humor styles and the manner of association to psychological comfort. The four humor styles are interconnected, however, not proportionate for well-being (Claire, Hunter, & Jones, 1989).

Innumeracy about Minority Populations

Racial innumeracy is a process through which an individual’s ethics buildup and the environment or surrounding shape the race composition (Sigelman & Niemi, 2001). The study indicates that the whites have the high likelihood of exaggerating the non-white pupation in the USA based on the following reasons for this; “disclosure to ethnic minorities in the mass media, the insight that blacks create common strains for social fairness and the confidence that demographics changes had complete the whites marginalized.

Ethical practice in online research settings

In this section of the paper, one describes the good holes that exist in the reading of internet research ethics and the policy gaps (Warrell & Jacobsen, 2014). The ethical differences are described in this article as follows. The policy gap has led to the lack of consensus in practice concerning the exemplary method of research on the internet. The ethical review process among the Americans indicates that inconsistencies and misconception take control of the decision-making process.

Milgram unethical critiques

During the study that was conducted with Milgram, the ethical guidelines for the protection of the human subjects did not adhere. Deception is the primary moral dilemma that Milgram found himself during the experiment. The researcher deceived the participants whom he made to believe that they are genuinely inflicting pains (Meyer). He also gave the false information about the purpose of the experiment. The experiment was meant to test obedience. However, he told the participants that he conditioned that rise out of punishment during learning. Milgram responded to the criticism by saying that at a time other subjects had tensions. One would support the critics but not Milgram because the social research studies require that one to have the informed consent of the people involved in the study.

 

Reference

Claire, Hunter, A., & Jones, S. (1989). Children’s humor types and psychosocial adjustment. ELSEVIER, 86-91.

Meyer, P. (n.d.). If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger would You? Probably .

Sigelman, L., & Niemi, R. G. (2001). African Americans and Whites Compare. Innumeracy About Minority Population, 1-9.

Warrell, J. G., & Jacobsen, M. (2014). Internet research ethics and the policy gap for ethical practice in online research settings. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 22-37.