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CHAPTER:1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Summary
Today, we live in an age of wireless revolution where every effort is directed towards getting rid of wires. Removing wires not only makes things easy but also improves speed of operation. For example no one wants to stop at a toll tax and then mechanically deposit money rather there needs to be mechanism through which the car need not be stopped and still the tax gets deposited. This will help in both achieving customer satisfaction as well as improving the efficiency of whole system.
Similarly identification of different things has also achieved new heights. It is very important to keep track of ones assets and hence identification has a major scope of development. This identification system will improve the overall efficiency of the system and will bring more social security. This technology has application ranging from commercial purposes to even for an individual.
RF-ID technology merges wireless communication with unique identification method, in which every source has its unique Identification Code (UIC) and then after receiving it, a receiver decrypts the signal and identifies the particular transmitter.
Then this information about the source is displayed and stored for future use.
1.2 Aim and Objectives
Theme parks / national parks as well as other huge tourist attractions need directional guides to inform user about his location in the area. To solve this issue we here propose a park guidance system using RF technology that works wirelessly to guide user about his current location. This proves as a very handy and convenient medium for guiding tourists through the park. This system proposes to replace the you are here boards mounted through such parks. Our system uses an RF receiver circuit in order to track user.
The user may carry the circuit with him. It then consists of RF transmitters placed at various locations across the park. These transmitters constantly emit RF signals. When the RF receiver circuit carried by user comes in range on an RF receiver it detects that the user is in range of that particular RF transmitter. This signals it to display the location of the user. Each location area is identified uniquely by an RF transmitter. When user enters the area the circuit reads the transmitter code and displays the location on an LCD screen.
There were two main objectives to meet in order to achieve this goal. First, the mathematics involved with locating the target had to be justified and understood. The second objective was to integrate the necessary hardware needed in order to test the system on a small scale.
1.3 Purpose
The purpose of this project was to build and test a system with two receivers that geolocates a moving transmitter. The target was emitting pulses at radio frequencies (RF) that were acquired by both receivers. Based on the difference between the time of arrival of the signal at both receivers, the targets location will be estimated. While it is important to meet the above mentioned objectives, its also essential to understand the requirements of the project.
1.4 Literature Review and Prior Art Search (PAS)
? Geo Location of Emitters
In one exemplary embodiment, a portable geolocation sensor in accordance with the invention comprises a timing signal receiver for receiving timing signals; a tuneable wideband receiver for receiving and processing signals from an emitter of interest (EOI); a signal processor for time stamping transmissions from the EOI; and a portable housing enclosing the timing signal receiver, tenable wideband receiver and signal processor.
The method comprises, at a first location, using a first portable geolocation sensor to receive, time stamp and store EOI transmissions during a first period of time; moving the first portable geolocation sensor to a second location; at the second location, using the first portable geolocation sensor to receive, time stamp and store EOI transmissions during a second period of time; and computing the location of the EOI using data representative of the EOI transmissions stored during the first and second periods of time. The inventive method may be carried out using a single portable geolocation sensor that is iteratively moved to different locations at which transmissions from the EOI are received. The method may also be carried out using two or more geolocation sensors, wherein at least one of the sensors is portable and is moved such that it is used to collect EOI transmissions at two or more locations.
? Enhanced Location based Guiding System
A system for developing and using location information collects information at a server to map wireless landmarks such as cell phone sites and WiFi wireless access points by wireless identifier, as opposed to network name. When a WiFi access point fall within a GSM coverage area, an association may be made between the two regions. Additional WiFi access points may be mapped in relation to known access points and known GSM coverage areas. When in a geographic area, a mobile device location can be identified by the signature of the combination of one or more WiFi access points and the current GSM area that are currently visible. GSM and WiFi access point edges are weighted to account for their relative coverage areas when building the mapping relationships.
? Network Centric Location Estimators
The present invention is directed generally to a system and method for locating people or objects, and in particular, to a system and method for locating a wireless mobile station using a plurality of simultaneously activated mobile station location estimators.
1.5 Project Plan
(Fig. 1(a): Project Plan)
1.6 Materials / Tools required
? Hardware Components:
1. Transformer / Power Adapter (230 12 V AC)
2. Voltage Regulator (LM 7805)
3. Rectifier
4. Filter
5. Microcontroller (AT89S52/AT89C51)
6. IR LED
7. BC 547
8. LED
9. Diode: 1N4007
10. Resistors
11. Capacitors
? Software Requirements:
1. Keil µVision IDE
2. Microcontroller Programming Language: C
CHAPTER:2
DESIGN
2.1 Design Methodology
? TRANSMITTER:
The transmitter units will be implanted at different locations.
? RECEIVER:
(Fig. 2(a): Block Diagram of the system)
2.2 Implementation Strategy
The complete working of RFID based tagging system can be divided in the following blocks for easier understanding:
RFID TAG: This tag is essentially a RF transmitter that transmits encoded signals. It can be further classified into following parts:
? UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION CODE (UIC): This part is unique for every RF Tag. It creates a unique code that is used to identify the tag when the data is read by RF reader. The UIC used here is a 4 bit data. Thus this UIC can be used for unique identification of at most 15 different things.
? ENCODER: This part converts the UIC into an encrypted data that can be transmitted over RF channels. The encoder used here is HT12E which can be used to encrypt 4 bit data. The encrypted data is a serial digital signal.
? TRANSMITTER: This part takes the encrypted data from transmitter and transmits it in form of Radio Frequency. The transmitter used here is ASK 315 MHz RF-TX modules.
? POWER SUPPLY BLOCK: This consist a 12V power supply source and a power regulator (7805) to get 5v power supply. This 5v supply drives the transmitter and the encoder.
RFID RECIEVER: This reader is basically a RF receiver that receives encoded signals decodes them and displays the tag number on the displaying unit. It can be further classified into following parts:
? RECIEVER: It receives the encrypted data in form of RF waves and converts it into electronic signals. The receiver used here is ASK 315 MHz RF-RX modules.
? DECODER: This part decrypts the data to yield the UIC of the tag. This UIC is fed into the microcontroller. HT12D has been used here which is compatible with HT12E module. The output is the UIC of the Tag in a 4 bit format.
? MICROCONTROLLER: Microcontroller takes the UIC data from the decoder. Based on this data it deciphers the source of the signal. It then displays this data and the source on the Display Unit. The microcontroller used in this project is AT89s8253.
? DISPLAY UNIT: It is 16*2 LCD that shows the Tag ID number as instructed by the microcontroller.
POWER SUPPLY BLOCK: This consist a 12V power supply source and a power regulator (7805) to get 5v power supply. This 5v supply drives the receiver, decoder microcontroller and the LCD.
Key Hardware Requirements:
TYPE COMPONENT QUANTITY
RF Receiver ASK 315 MHz RF-Rx 1
Decoder HT12D 1
Microcontroller AT89S8253 1
Display 16*2 LCD Display 1
RF Transmitter ASK 315MHz RF-Tx 1
Encoder HT12E 1
Oscillator 10 MHz crystal 1
Power Supply 12V Battery 1
Power Regulator 7805 1
Keil Micro Vision IDE
Brief:
Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments, evaluation boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families.
Keil development tools for the 8051 Microcontroller Architecture support every level of software developer from the professional applications engineer to the student just learning about embedded software development. When starting a new project, simply select the microcontroller you use from the Device Database and the µVision IDE sets all compiler, assembler, linker, and memory options for you. Keil is a cross compiler.
Concept of Compiler:
Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors, i.e. the programs written in one of the HLL like C will compile the code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86 (underlying microprocessor in the computer). For example compilers for DOS platform is different from the Compilers for Unix platform. So if one wants to define a compiler then compiler is a program that translates source code into object code.
The compiler derives its name from the way it works, looking at the entire piece of source code and collecting and reorganizing the instruction. There is a bit little difference between compiler and an interpreter. Interpreter just interprets whole program at a time while compiler analyses and execute each line of source code in succession, without looking at the entire program.
The advantage of interpreters is that they can execute a program immediately. Secondly programs produced by compilers run much faster than the same programs executed by an interpreter. However compilers require some time before an executable program emerges. Now as compilers translate source code into object code, which is unique for each type of computer, many compilers are available for the same language.
Microcontroller Coding:
sbit LCD_RS at P2.B0;
sbit LCD_EN at P2.B1;
sbit LCD_D7 at P2.B5;
sbit LCD_D6 at P2.B4;
sbit LCD_D5 at P2.B3;
sbit LCD_D4 at P2.B2;
void main() {
Lcd_Init();
Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CURSOR_OFF);
LCD_Out(1,1,”DISPLAY UNIT”);
while(1)
{
if((p1_0)&&~(p1_1)&&~(p1_2)&&~(p1_3))
{
LCD_Out(2,1,”LOCATION 1″);
p3_0=0;
delay_ms(5000);
p3_0=1;
}
if(~(p1_0)&&(p1_1)&&~(p1_2)&&~(p1_3))
LCD_Out(2,1,”LOCATION 2″);
p3_0=0;
delay_ms(5000);
p3_0=1;
}
if(~(p1_0)&&~(p1_1)&&(p1_2)&&~(p1_3))
{
LCD_Out(2,1,”LOCATION 3″);
p3_0=0;
delay_ms(5000);
p3_0=1;
}
if(~(p1_0)&&~(p1_1)&&~(p1_2)&&(p1_3))
{
LCD_Out(2,1,”LOCATION 4″);
p3_0=0;
delay_ms(5000);
p3_0=1;
}
if(~(p1_0)&&~(p1_1)&&~(p1_2)&&~(p1_3))
LCD_Out(2,1,” “);
}
}
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CHAPTER:3
IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Circuit Diagram / Snapshots
(Fig. 3(a): Circuit Receiver)
(Fig. 3(b): Circuit / Remote ; Transmitter)
(Fig. 3(b): Key Components in the Project)
3.2 Results
Working:
There will be different transmitter with different tags inbuilt implanted at different locations of the place (museum, historical building, etc). The tourist will be provided with a receiver. The tourist will move to the different location with its receiver. As soon s he/she comes in the range of any transmitter it will receive the tag of that transmitter and according to that tag the controller will be pre-programmed to display the information stored about the location automatically. In this the tourist himself can know about the location.
Here we use UIC means 4 bit user identification code such as 4 bit binary no. As shown in the table. This 4 bit code is encoded by encoder HT12E in above circuit; RF TX is transmitting this signal to the receiver section. RFID reader is receiver section, that receive the signal of any one of UIC and decoder HT12D is decode in 4 bit binary and send to the microcontroller, microcontroller take action and display at LCD.
CHAPTER:4
SUMMARY
4.1 Advantages (Over the conventional tagging system)
? Modernizes the entire tracking system.
? It is a very user friendly and can even be used by childrens.
? Simple to operate and can be installed in a short time.
? Can be used to track virtually everything.
? Easier to manage with very less demand on man-power.
? It has a variable range of operation and hence it can be used at almost all places.
4.2 Future Work / Aspects
Future systems and methods may include UAVs having its heart based on this system, that serves to assist carrier personnel by reducing the physical demands of the transportation and delivery process. A UAV generally includes a UAV chassis including an upper portion, a plurality of propulsion members configured to provide lift to the UAV chassis, and a parcel carrier configured for being selectively coupled to and removed from the UAV chassis. UAV support mechanisms are utilized to load and unload parcel carriers to the UAV chassis, and the UAV lands on and takes off from the UAV support mechanism to deliver parcels to a serviceable point. The UAV includes computing entities that interface with different systems and computing entities to send and receive various types of information.
A system for developing and using location information collects information at a server to map wireless landmarks such as cell phone sites and WiFi wireless access points by wireless identifier, as opposed to network name. When a WiFi access point fall within a GSM coverage area, an association may be made between the two regions. Additional WiFi access points may be mapped in relation to known access points and known GSM coverage areas. When in a geographic area, a mobile device location can be identified by the signature of the combination of one or more WiFi access points and the current GSM area that are currently visible. GSM and WiFi access point edges are weighted to account for their relative coverage areas when building the mapping relationships.
4.3 Problem Solved
Some of the major concerns solved by this project can be enlisted as beow:
? No scope for error in detection of RF-ID tags.
? Facilitates quick and accurate detection and tracking is possible instantaneously.
? Re-usable by simply attaching the tag to some other object.
4.4 Features and Applications
? This RFID tagging system can used to keep a track of shipping goods and vehicles in a completely automated manner. The transport vehicle can be tracked at the shipping and the receiving organization to automatically update delivery status.
? It can be employed in Malls and Marts where large number of things are placed at a single place. Cheap RF ID can be applied to these things. This helps in avoiding any chance of mishap or theft. It can be applied to cloths, goggles etc.
? These tags can be employed in cars and buses with readers placed at the toll taxes, bus stops and security checks. This modernizes the whole system of travel and saves a lot of time and money.
? RFID tagging can be done to both wild (in wild life sanctuaries) and farm animals (in commercial farms). This will help us keep track of their movements. Using this data a lot of important research information can be gathered.
? RFID systems can be employed in car/garage doors etc. to provide authorized access to only persons carrying valid RF incorporated Identification Card. As we have seen RFID systems have immense industrial importance. But they can be equally important for individuals as well. This can help them keep track of their commonly forgotten and misplaced things. This can be done by having RF integrated Key chains and cards.
? It can be installed as a library management system where books can track automatically without any physical interaction with the user. This will speed up the entire system and hence the interested user would be served with better efficiency.
? It can be installed at air ports to felicitate the distribution of luggage by putting up an RF-ID tag on luggage and then at the distribution counter the luggage can be easily sorted out.
? It can also installed in Passports and hence every person can be given a unique identification code through which he can be detected anywhere in the world.
? It also has application in medical field where a patient suffering from diseases like Alzimer, memory loss etc., can be tracked continuously and can be taken care of.
4.5 Limitations
? Lack of integrity.
? Lack of availability and continuity of service.
? Lack of accuracy (for critical phases of flight)
With respect to this system there are also possible sources of errors, such as:
? Delays with the signal propagation through the atmosphere (Atmospheric errors due to ionosphere, troposphere).
? Receiver errors: Errors on the computer user position due to the receiver’s technology
? Environmental errors: Perturbation with the signals due to the local environment of the user. These could be caused by reflections, surrounding buildings or interference.
4.6 Conclusion
This project set out to integrate and test a multi-receiver geo-location system with a particular focus on clock synchronization between the receivers. Under present circumstances, we have completed almost around half of our project work such as coding, implementation on hardware, etc. As we will be continuing this project in the next semester too, with a few more upgradations such as implementing of GSM, resulting in reduction in the handheld a receiver device.
CHAPTER:5
REFERENCES
Books Referred:
? The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson Education.
? T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications Principles and Practice, Second Edition. Prentice Hall, 2001.
Websites:
? www.atmel.com
? www.beyondlogic.org
? www.howstuffworks.com
? www.alldatasheets.com
?
?
? Natarajan, P. and Nahar, G., Camera Localization methods for Intelligent Room Systems using RF and Stereo Vision Techniques, SPIE 2004.
? ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.
