Answered! Question: A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes: Process 1-2: compression wi……

A thermodynamic cycle is a series of processes which returns system to initial conditions. The thermodynamic process is a polytropic process following certain relation between pressure and volume. Work done can be determined by finding the area under the pressure-volume diagram.

First law of thermodynamics: When there is any energy transfer takes place to or from the system then the system internal energy changes.

An ideal thermodynamic process whose deviation from the thermodynamic equilibrium is infinitesimal at any point of time during the process is called a quasi-static process.

Any quasi equilibrium expansion or compression process can be described by the relation,

Here, pressure is , volume is , and constant is .

According to the value of the constant the process changes,

: Isobaric process (Constant pressure)

: Isothermal process (Constant temperature)

: Isochoric process (Constant volume)

A closed system boundary work for a quasi-static process can be calculated using the formula,

Here, initial volume is and final volume is .

First law to the piston cylinder arrangement:

Here, Q is heat transfer, W is work transfer, is the kinetic energy, is the potential energy, and dU is change in internal energy.

If the work is done on the system then consider the value as negative, if the work is done by the system then consider the value as positive.

If heat transfer is positive then heat addition takes place during the process and if heat transfer is negative then heat rejection takes place during the process.