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Rep ort 2 E nerg y S yste m s R ep ort
Energ y i n fra str u ctu re o f t h e Z ero C arb on B uild in g
Name : LAM HONG KI
ID : 18041682
Rep ort 2 E nerg y S yste m s R ep ort – E nerg y i n fra str u ctu re o f t h e Z ero C arb on B uild in g
Content
1. E nerg y o p era tio n o f t h e Z er o -C arb on B uild in g
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2A . P ro d uctio n o f b io d ie se l m ad e f r o m w aste c o ok in g o il
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Mix in g A lc o hol a n d C ata ly st t o s ta rt a C hem ic al R eactio n
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Sep ara tio n
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Rem oval o f A lc o hol
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Bio die se l W ash in g
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2B . S ola r P an el
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The p -n j u nctio n a n d t h e P V e ffe c t
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Multi
– cry sta llin e
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BIP V
– th in f ilm
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Cylin dric al C IG S t h in f il m
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3. U se o f G rid -T ie I n verte r
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Opera tin g p rin cip le
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Safe ty
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4. C om bin ed H ea t a n d P ow er ( C H P) P er fo rm an ce a n d L im it a tio n
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5. Y ou r s it e v is it s h ou ld y ie ld r esu lt s f r o m a f lu e g as a n aly sis f r o m c o m bu stio n p ro cess f o r t h e
tr i
– gen era tio n p ro cess. D esc rib e t h e m eth od o f c o m bu stio n a n d a n aly sis t h e c o m bustio n
co n dit io n s r efe rrin g t o : a ir s u pply , c o m bu stio n e ffic ie n cy , f u el/ a ir r a tio , e tc . J u stif y a n y
assu m ptio n s, d is c u ss y ou r r e su lt s a n d c o m men t o n t h e m eth od olo gy.
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6. A ctiv e S yste m i n Z C B – R eg en era tiv e l i f t s y ste m
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Str e n gth
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Weak ness
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Conclu sio n
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7. P assiv e S yste m i n Z C B – C ro ss-V en tila te d L ayou t
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Str e n gth
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Weak ness
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Conclu sio n
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Rep ort 2 E nerg y S yste m s R ep ort – E nerg y i n fra str u ctu re o f t h e Z ero C arb on B uild in g
1. Energy operation of the Zero-Carbon Building
Various power source are supplying the ZCB, the main power sources are the Town Power
Grid and the Biodiesel Tri-Generator as both of the power source can provide stable power to
the Building, rest of them are various type of PV panel and the Lifts Regenerative Converter,
these are not stable power source as PV panel is not operable at night, while the Regenerative
Converter cannot run when the Life is idle.
All power source then connect to a Distribution Panel which combine and divert electricity to
the HVAC System and the ELV System in the ZCB.
For the HVAC System, with the advantage of Tri-Generator, Absorption Chiller can be used,
the Hot Water Generated by the generator supplies to the Absorption Chiller and Desiccant
Dehumidifier, while the Absorption Chiller provides Chilled Water to the Desiccant
Dehumidifier, which provides addition Cool Air to the AHU. In the other side, normal
electrical chillers provides Chilled Water to Desiccant Dehumidifier and AHU to support the
operation, AHU then cool the air for the ZCB.
In addition, a Solar Thermal Hot Water System is installed at the roof of the ZCB Cafe to
provide extra hot water.
Furthermore, although the Tri-Generator can provide Exhausted Heat to heat up the building,
consider the weather condition in Hong Kong, the heat is not used efficiently.
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Rep ort 2 E nerg y S yste m s R ep ort – E nerg y i n fra str u ctu re o f t h e Z ero C arb on B uild in g
2A. Production of biodiesel made from waste cooking oil
Mixing Alcohol and Catalyst to start a Chemical Reaction
Biodiesel is produced by reacting the cooking oil with various alcohol chemicals such as
methanol, with catalyst to start the reaction process. due to alcohol can easily vaporize, this
process is done in a enclosed container to prevent the loss of alcohol. To ensure efficiency,
the alcohol should be control near the boiling point to speed up the reaction.
Separation
Glycerol and biodiesel will form after the reaction, with some excess alcohol in it which can
be reuse in another chemical reaction, a separation process is required to separate Glycerol,
Biodiesel and Alcohol. Due to the characteristic of each substance, the glycerol is denser than
the biodiesel, so glycerol will sink to the bottom, in this case, by using a settling vessel, both
substance can be drawn off at the top and bottom.
Removal of Alcohol
Excess Alcohol remains in both Glycerol and biodiesel, to remove the Alcohol in both
substance, this process is commonly done by distillation, the Alcohol then recover to use for
another chemical reaction.
Biodiesel Washing
The Biodiesel produce by the
chemical reaction is not completely
pure Biodiesel, there are remaining
some methanol which is unreacted
and it will cause safety risks to the
Biodiesel Engine. To remove the
Impurity from the Biodiesel,
spraying warm water to the
Biodiesel is one of the effective
method, by using water within
40-50 C, the impurity can be wash
away and the Biodiesel is ready to
use.
Figure 2 ?Flow Chart of Biodiesel Production Process
file:///N:/10.11648.j.ijrse.20140305.12.pdf
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Rep ort 2 E nerg y S yste m s R ep ort – E nerg y i n fra str u ctu re o f t h e Z ero C arb on B uild in g
2B. Solar Panel
The p-n junction and the PV effect
The solar panel converse the sunlight energy to electricity, the solar panel is also known as
PV panel as the conversion is done by the pv effect. The basic PV panel consist of two major
compolance, the p-doped silicon and the n-doped silicon, the interface between the two silicon
is called p-n junction.
PV effect is conduct when the sunlight pass through the silicon, the the electrons will excite
and the positive and negative electrons attract each other, resulting a potential difference
between the two type of silicon. By connectings the wire with a load, current is generated and
a circuit is formed to support the external load.
Multi – crystalline
Multi – crystalline is one type of the
solar panel technology, with comparing
with the mono-crystalline type, it has a
slightly lower efficiency, but the tight
spacing of multi-crystalline can cover
the low efficiency, while this type
operates better in a higher temperature,
placing it on the roof is the most
suitable location as the roof usually
absorb the sunlight directly.
?Figure 3 ? Structure of PV Panel (www.pvinsights.com)
BIPV – thin film
BIPV is so thin that it can be integrated into the building structure such as the glass panel or
sidewalls, this kind of design is usually installed on the windows. Owing to the characteristic ?,
th e e ffic ie n cy o f B IP V i s m uch l o w er t h an o th er t y pes o f P V P an el.
Cylindrical CIGS thin film
CIGS is the only flexible film among these types of PV Panel, its also the latest technology,
and because of this, the cost of the CIGS is the most expensive as its a experimental product.
Since the film is flexible, its suitable to install on curve surface.
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Rep ort 2 E nerg y S yste m s R ep ort – E nerg y i n fra str u ctu re o f t h e Z ero C arb on B uild in g
3. Use of Grid-Tie Inverter
To provide a safe and efficient way to feed back electricity produced by tri – generation onto
the regional energy grid, Grid-Tie Inverter is used.
Operating principle
The electricity generated by the Tri-Generator can be feed back onto the grid by installing
Grid-tie Inverter, To inject electricity back to the the energy grid efficiently and safely, the
Grid-tie Inverter must adjust the source to suitable voltage and frequency to inject into the
electrical power grid.
Safety
In some condition such as the regional grid is down, In the United State of America, an
requirement set by NEC that the Grid-tie Inverter can safely isolate the local grid and separate
from the regional grid.
Such action is to ensure the electricity generate in the site will not transfer to the regional grid
which harm the maintenance workers.
Ref:NEC Handbook 2005, Section 705, “Interconnected Electric Power Production Sources,”
Article 705.40 “Loss of Primary Source”
Figure 3, Grid-tie Inverter in the ZCB Building
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Rep ort 2 E nerg y S yste m s R ep ort – E nerg y i n fra str u ctu re o f t h e Z ero C arb on B uild in g
4. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Performance and Limitation
The CHP unit installed on the site must ensure they have a optimum performance to run in a
efficient way, to optimal CHP performance, various factor are considered, the following
formula was built by LINDO modelling language to solve the optimum performance.
CH = pfc·Fc + pfa·Fa + pep·Ep – pes·Es + rql·Ql
Operating the CHP unit with reference to the boilers demand, and remains at a highest output
when the boiler is in use can help optimum the CHP. The CHP should be able to generate heat
at any time to fulfil the operation of the Tri-Generation. Owing to the hot weather in Hong
Kong, heat is not needed at most of the year, heat rejection device should equip to the system.
This also resulting the system to shutdown due to high returning temperature. In addition,
CHP unit is less efficient when it only supplies to small and single-building like the ZCB.
Figure 4, CHP Energy Flow Diagram (Department of Energy & Climate Change, UK)
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Rep ort 2 E nerg y S yste m s R ep ort – E nerg y i n fra str u ctu re o f t h e Z ero C arb on B uild in g
5. Your site visit should yield results from a flue gas analysis from combustion process
for the tri – generation process. Describe the method of combustion and analysis the
combustion conditions referring to: air supply, combustion efficiency, fuel/ air ratio, etc.
Justify any assumptions, discuss your results and comment on the methodology.
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Rep ort 2 E nerg y S yste m s R ep ort – E nerg y i n fra str u ctu re o f t h e Z ero C arb on B uild in g
6. Active System in ZCB – Regenerative lift system
One of the active system in ZCB is the regenerative lift system, the system can generate
electricity when the lift is going up with light passenger load or going down with full
passenger load. The lift will runs upwards and downwards by the help of gravity and using a
regenerative braking system which base on the dynamic braking.
Strength
Research by EMSD stated that comparing with normal lift, regenerative lift can reduce
electricity usage in average of 20%.
However, the regenerative rate depends on the lift operating speed and travel distance, higher
speed and longer distance can generate more energy.
Weakness
The lift located in ZCB only serves three floors (B/F, G/F, M/F), by observation, the lift is
mostly use between G/F and M/F for a upward travel with light passenger load. In this
situation, although the upward operation can generate electricity, the empty downward load
still cost electricity.
Conclusion
In conclusion, For the lift at ZCB which serves short distance with low traffic rate, regenerate
of electricity is possible, but the payback period will be longer comparing with other high-rise
and popular commercial and office building.
[ ? ?]
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Rep ort 2 E nerg y S yste m s R ep ort – E nerg y i n fra str u ctu re o f t h e Z ero C arb on B uild in g
7. Passive System in ZCB – Cross-Ventilated Layout
The ZCB Building have a cross-ventilated layout specifically design for the hot and humid
weather in Hong Kong. The building face southeast to allow more summer breeze to pass
through the building.
Strength
Cross-Ventilation can help the building to keep in a cool temperature as the wind can blow
away the hot air, by natural ventilation, some building can reduce the indoor temperature up
to 2 C. Allow the Air-Condition to produce less cooling to the building. Furthermore, the
wind can bring away the humid air to allow user in the building feel conform.
Weakness
The ZCB located in dense office building area that can block winds get to the building, theres
still ventilation but it will be less efficiency comparing with a building located in a open area.
The ZCB building is located in the edge of the highrise building area and next to the seaside,
However the road between buildings which act as a wind corridor, is not pointing at the ZCB
windows. In such case, although the wind can be strong, most of the wind is unable to pass
through the building but pass next to it.
Conclusion
Most o f t h e p assiv e s y ste m r e q uir e s a l o ts o f d esig n t o f a cilita te t h e s y ste m r u ns i n a e ffic ie n t w ay .
Reg ard in g t h e c ro ss-v en tila te d l a y out i n Z C B, d esig nin g t h e p assiv e s y ste m s h ould c o nsid er t h e
ch an ge a t t h e n eig hbourh oo d a re a. a s t h e u nfo re se eab le c h an ges t o t h e a re a, p assiv e s y ste m s h ould a ct
as a s u pportin g s y ste m t o t h e b uil d in g.
Figure 3. Area around the ZCB (Google Map)
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Rep ort 2 E nerg y S yste m s R ep ort – E nerg y i n fra str u ctu re o f t h e Z ero C arb on B uild in g
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